OVERVIEW

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a crucial ligament in the knee that stabilises and controls the forward motion of the shin bone. Collateral ligaments, including the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL), are responsible for stabilising the inner and outer aspects of the knee joint. Tears in these ligaments can result from trauma, sports injuries, or degeneration over time.

Types of ACL and collateral tears:

1. ACL Tears: These are commonly classified into three grades – Grade I involves a mild stretch, Grade II is a partial tear, and Grade III signifies a complete tear. The severity determines the course of treatment.
2. MCL Tears: The MCL is frequently injured due to a direct impact on the outer knee. Grades I and II are often managed conservatively, while Grade III may require surgical intervention.
3. LCL Tears: Injuries to the LCL typically result from direct impact on the inner knee. Treatment varies based on the severity of the tear.

Causes of ACL and collateral tears:

1. Sports injuries: High-impact sports, such as football, soccer, and basketball, can subject the knee to significant stress, leading to ligament tears.
2. Trauma: Accidents, falls, or direct blows to the knee can cause ligament damage.
3. Degeneration: Over time, wear and tear can weaken ligaments, making them more susceptible to tears.